Oncology
The gynaecological malignant tumours, whether cancerous or of another nature, can have very different characteristics and affect different organs of the genital apparatus. In all of them the basic principles of “early diagnosis” are fulfilled, or in other words: “the sooner, the better”.
The diagnostic methods may change according to the organ being studied. The most frequent one amongst our patients is breast cancer.
For its diagnosis, we must carry out a clinical exploration, image techniques (mammography and breast ultrasound scan) fine-needle aspiration punction, thick-needle biopsy and surgery biopsy with a hook. If anomalous secretions from the nipple take place, the cytological research can be definitive in many cases.
The Cancer in the Neck of the Uterus is due to the persistent infection in certain groups of the human papiloma virus. Its early diagnosis or the diagnosis of the precursor lesions is the one which benefits from simple, safe, innocuous and economical techniques. The cervico-vaginal cytology has proven to be still the best method in reducing the number of deaths due to this tumour. Therefore, the methods that must be applied are: cervico-vaginal cytology, investigation in the presence of human papiloma virus, colposcopy and biopsy.
The colposcopy is based on the research of the neck of the uterus by means of spectacles, carried out after the application of acetic acid or other kind of substances that demonstrate the abnormal areas and over which the biopsy takings will be carried out in order to study the tissue with the microscope. They are innocuous and painless techniques.
The inner layer of the uterus is called the endometrium. The endometrium cancer requires other techniques because of being less accessible than the neck of the uterus. These techniques are ultrasound scan, hysteroscopy and biopsy. The hysteroscopy involves looking inside the uterus cavity with thin optical devices which will show up the anomalous areas from which the sample has to be taken so that it can be studied either with a microscope or via a biopsy.
For the research of the ovarian cancercancer the chances are less, since a diagnosis is rarely achieved before the tutor is invasive. Therefore, we have the ultrasound scan and the determination of the so-called tumour markers (in a blood test).
The vulva cancer can be also detected using the colposcopy and a small biopsy.
Treatment
The treatments must be adequate for each kind of tumour, based upon its size and where it is situated. Sometimes it can involve complete surgery of the affected area and as complementary treatments we can mention radiotherapy and/or poly-chemiotherapy. In certain cases, surgery would be left as an option of last resort ie after the use of the above therapies has been tried, singly or together.
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